Suicides to stress: How prolonged exposure to heat can contribute to mental health conditions

Hyderabad: As temperatures rise, so do the tempers. The impact of extreme heat on physical health is widely discussed. However, less attention is given to how high temperatures affect mental health. Studies suggest that prolonged exposure to heat can contribute to mood changes, increased stress, and even severe mental health conditions.

Who is at risk?

Certain groups are more vulnerable to heat-related mental health issues, including:

• People with chronic illnesses – Limited mobility and worsening physical symptoms can impact mood.

• Individuals with dementia are more at risk for hospitalization and heat-related complications.

• Those facing financial challenges – Lack of air conditioning or access to healthcare can increase stress.

• People with preexisting mental health conditions – Medications like antidepressants and antipsychotics can affect the body’s ability to regulate temperature.

• Pregnant individuals – Poor mental health during pregnancy may lead to complications.

• People with substance abuse problems – Difficulty in adapting to extreme weather conditions.

Speaking to Newsmeter, Dr. Malini Kumar, a psychiatrist based in Hyderabad, explains, “Heat waves put added stress on people with preexisting conditions, particularly those on medication, as certain drugs like antipsychotic medications, particularly those that affect dopamine pathways, can interfere with body temperature regulation.”

Heat and Mental Health Symptoms

1. Increased Depression and Anxiety

Research has found a link between rising temperatures and worsening mental health. A study analyzing over 600 million social media posts found an increase in depressive language during warmer months.

Several factors contribute to this:

• Increased substance use – Heat stress may lead to higher alcohol and drug consumption.

• Medication inconsistency – Dehydration and heat can alter the effectiveness of psychiatric medications.

• Poor sleep quality – Hot temperatures can disrupt sleep, increasing stress hormone levels.

• Serotonin imbalance – Heat may impact serotonin, a neurotransmitter that regulates mood.

According to Dr. Nivedita Chandra, a neurologist, “Sleep disturbances due to heat can lead to cognitive issues and mood swings, making it harder for people to manage their daily responsibilities.”

“Thermoregulatory stress can alter serotonin turnover, which may explain why individuals with depression report worsening symptoms during prolonged heat exposure,” Dr. Chandra added.

2. Higher Suicide and Hospitalization Rates

Studies indicate that even a slight temperature rise is associated with increased suicide rates and mental health-related hospital admissions. Research shows that during heat waves lasting more than three days, hospital visits for mental health concerns can increase by nearly 10%.

Dr. Kumar notes, “Extreme heat acts as a silent trigger, worsening symptoms of depression and anxiety, especially among those already struggling with mental health conditions.”

“Heat exposure has been linked to dysregulation of the HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal) axis, which can trigger acute psychiatric episodes, particularly in individuals with preexisting mood disorders,” Dr. Kumar added.

3. Increased Irritability and Aggression

Warmer temperatures have been linked to higher levels of frustration, aggression, and even domestic violence. Research suggests that when temperatures rise, people tend to feel more irritable and short-tempered.

“Elevated core body temperature affects the amygdala, the brain’s emotional processing center, leading to heightened aggression and reduced impulse control,” explains Dr.Chandra.

4. Cognitive Impairment

High temperatures can make it difficult to concentrate and think clearly. Lack of sleep due to heat can affect brain function, particularly in areas responsible for decision-making and problem-solving.

“Heat exposure increases the production of inflammatory cytokines, which can impair synaptic plasticity and slow down cognitive processing,” explains Dr. Chandra.

Signs That Heat is Affecting Your Mental Health

• Increased irritability and impulsivity

• Difficulty concentrating or remembering things

• Trouble sleeping

• Feeling overwhelmed or stressed

• Worsening depression or anxiety

• Physical symptoms like headaches or dizziness

How to Manage Heat-Related Mental Health Symptoms

Experts recommend several strategies to protect mental well-being during hot weather:

• Stay hydrated – Dehydration can worsen stress and anxiety.

• Maintain a healthy routine – Balanced meals, regular exercise, and sufficient sleep are crucial.

• Use relaxation techniques – Meditation, deep breathing, and yoga can help manage stress.

• Socialize – Staying connected with others can improve mood.

• Keep cool – Wear light clothing, stay indoors during peak heat hours, and use fans or air conditioning.

Dr. Kumar adds, “If you take psychiatric medication, ensure proper hydration and consult your doctor if you experience side effects during extreme heat.”

Recognizing the impact of heat on mental health is essential, especially as temperatures continue to rise. Taking preventive measures can help reduce the risk of heat-related mental health issues and ensure overall well-being.